Paradigm Shift and the Evolving Corrections Environment Essay

Change in outlook and the Evolving Corrections Environment - Essay Example The executives of restorative offices has no alternative yet to grasp new administration methods in light of developing issues in remedial offices. Directors ought to adjust to new innovative headways particularly in advances planned for making the executives simpler. While sociological and mental conduct of prisoners has changed with time, (Gladwin, McConnell, and Phillips, 2014) detainee the board ought to go a step higher too. Be that as it may, all the more critically, the hierarchical structure of restorative offices ought to be as powerful as the difficulties confronting these foundations. It merits thinking about that restorative offices don't work in separation. Along these lines, inner administration should work pair with other related organizations, for example, government, legal executive, acquisition, IT, and different offices. An adjustment in any of the related foundations can adversy affect overseeing remedial office in the event that it finds a static administration not prepared for perspective change. While a change in perspective gives chances to development and advancement, it additionally presents difficulties of vulnerabilities and backfires. In any case, it tends to be contended that a deliberately explained outlook change is far superior to a traditionalist non-dynamic framework. This is advantageous considering private remedial offices have recorded better administration rehearses contrasted with state possessed

Comparing Women in Anna Akhmatova’s Lot’s Wife, Crucifixion, and Rache

Influential Women in Anna Akhmatova’s Lot’s Wife, Crucifixion, and Rachel â€Å"But Lot's better half thought back behind him, and she turned into a mainstay of salt† (New Geneva Study Bible, Gen. 19. 26). â€Å"Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary (the mother of James and Joseph), and Zebedee's significant other, the mother of James and John† (Matt. 27:56). â€Å"Jacob headed toward the well and moved away the stone and watered his uncle's rush. At that point Jacob kissed Rachel, and tears went to his eyes†¦But when Jacob woke up toward the beginning of the day †it was Leah! ‘What kind of stunt is this?’ Jacob seethed at Laban. ‘I worked seven years for Rachel. What do you mean by this trickery?’† (Gen. 29). These are among the couple of sections devoted to three ladies of the Bible. No discourse or knowledge into their inward people is given. Lot’s spouse transformed into a mainstay of salt, Mary was available at her son’s torturous killing, and Rachel’s more seasoned sister ha d her spot in the marriage bed. Easy, these are the cool, hard realities. In her sonnets â€Å"Lot’s Wife,† â€Å"Crucifixion,† and â€Å"Rachel,† Anna Akhmatova revives these ladies by digging into their feelings and illustrating them in their environmental factors. The Biblical record of Rachel and Jacob’s relations gives just the subtleties of their experiences and the way that Jacob adored Rachel so much that he was happy to labor for a long time so as to have her as his better half. At the point when he is deluded and takes Leah rather, the Bible makes no notice of Rachel’s sentiments, which were without a doubt overwhelming. The wonderful youthful little girl, Rachel, who is betrayed by her sister and father, requests more detail; how profoundly did this double dealing influence her? Through symbolism, utilization of detail, and non-literal language Akhmatova starts to operation... ...tegrating as her legs were adhered to the ground. The last refrain loses hope that that nobody grieved the passing of this lady who kicks the bucket for the love of her home and underscores that ladies like Lot’s spouse ought not be overlooked. Amazingly, Anna Akhmatova takes three level ladies from the pages of the Bible and paints their most profound feelings. These three ladies had the right to have their internal hearts uncovered, and gently, Akhmatova legitimizes them to her perusers. In her readers’ minds, Mary, Lot’s spouse, and Rachel are not, at this point target ladies, however consistent with life ladies who endure squeezing preliminaries. Works Cited Akhmatova, Anna. Rachel. Trans. D. M. Thomas. Anna Akhmatova: Selected Poems. New York: Penguin, 1985. New Geneva Study Bible. New King James Version. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995. PID 8047 1 Marlow Engl. 12. Organization. 37

Books to Inspire Hope, Thought, and Action in Troubled Times

Books to Inspire Hope, Thought, and Action in Troubled Times It would seem that the world is on something of a downward spiral. (Thanks to an orange-faced geriatric with the social skills and attention span of a spoiled toddler, and an entitled rubber-faced politician who made a mess and decided not to clean up after himself.) I can’t help but feel that we are edging ever closer to the dystopic future of Warren Ellis’s Transmetropolitan. In his world, might is right and people are too preoccupied in their own enjoyment to care much about the plight of others. Citizens have access to a constant and vast media stream, but so much of it is lies and perspective that it takes Spider Jerusalem, Ellis’s anti-hero journalist, to speak truth to power, a vitriolic lone voice. Ellis wrote Transmetropolitan partly as a response to the politics of the nineties, of Bush and Clinton, but his political critique remains relevant now. I can imagine Spider apoplectic at the idea of alternative facts, smashing up his apartment in a rage before going forth with his trusty bowel-disruptor to ‘extract’ some truth from slippery politicians. I’m not suggesting we follow Spider’s behaviour, but a little bit of righteous indignation can be useful in helping to cope with these difficult times. It can provide a catalyst to move beyond melancholy acceptance to thinking about what we can do to effect positive change. Being a book lover, for me this starts with reading â€" finding stories and ideas that resist dominant political narratives, that reflect the beautiful diversity of our societies and cultures, and provide arguments against the tired political rhetoric of the right. Here’s a couple of books to get you started: The Good Immigrant edited by Nikesh Shukla The Good Immigrant is a collection of essays by BAME writers, such as Salena Godden, Wei Ming Kam, and Riz Ahmed. Insightful, inspiring, and often very funny, it’s great to have these different perspectives on what it’s like to live in a society where you aren’t the dominant majority, and what that means for representation. The essays emerge from and orbit around a central thesis: that society tends to view immigration negatively, labelling immigrants as bad people, but allowing a select few to cross over and become good through personal achievement or conforming to positive stereotypes. It’s a damaging binary that reduces complex and complicated people to simple categories. I think it’s an important book, which is made more powerful by the fact that it is so entertaining to read. But, if you don’t believe me, then trust in J.K. Rowling; she’s a fan and described the collection as ‘an important, timely read’. Mirrors by Eduardo Galeano Eduardo Galeano, a Uruguayan radical journalist and writer, is perhaps less-known than his celebrated contemporaries, Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel García Márquez. However, he remains an important figure in Latin American literature â€" you may have heard of him when Hugo Chavez gave Barack Obama a copy of Galeanos book Open Veins of Latin America. I would recommend his more recent Mirrors, a remarkable piece of storytelling and research. In this book, Galeano retells the history of the world through a series of vignettes and fragments, revealing the hidden stories of those silenced or rendered powerless. The book has the rather ambitious subtitle Stories of Almost Everyone, but it is a sign of the quality of Galeano’s writing and the breadth of his knowledge that he meets this aim. Erudite but extremely engaging, it deftly navigates between recognisable events in global history, to quieter moments of forgotten significance. I can’t recommend this book enough, with its powerful combination of fact and storytelling that reconfigures our understanding of history and culture. I’ll leave you with a quote, a neat counterpoint to anti-immigration sentiment: Now the rainbow of the earth is more colourful than the rainbow of the sky. But we are all emigrants from Africa. Even the whitest of whites comes from Africa. Maybe we refuse to acknowledge our common origins because racism causes amnesia, or because we find it unbelievable that in those days long past the entire world was our kingdom, an immense map without borders, and our legs were the only passport required. These are the books that I’m turning to. I’d love to hear more about the books you’ve read that can inspire hope, stimulate thought, and encourage action.

Ethnicity and Exclusion through Space - 2768 Words

Chapter two Methodology The first point of call was to have a clear and sharp understanding of the dissertation topic and this was done through the use of online research as there is a vast amount of information that can be collected in relation to integrating communities. This was then followed by the key significance to the main objective which is gathering data. To help with the findings and analysis, the research has to be focused more on areas where communities benefit through people of different backgrounds living together and sharing basic commodities, these could be sharing a kitchen, communal gardens, open spaces and even a bench in the public park.2 As there are quite a number of diverse people in the community, a lot of information was collected from them through one on one discussion. Although the information collected was not very satisfactory, care had to be taken as to select what to use. This was also the issue with selecting case studies which deals specifically with sociable housing which in these communities is widely known as co-housing. The evidence collected from sources had to be carefully selected and used accordingly. A model was then developed to assess how people of different background can be incorporated through various substances. This was then implemented within separate case studies and the results explored and analysed. The model was then tried on another project to see if it works. The method of research used in this thesis is by useShow MoreRelatedGender, Class And Urban Space : Public And Private Space1586 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article, â€Å"Gender, Class and Urban Space: Public and Private Space in Contemporary Urban Landscapes† Liz Bondi, puts forth her perspectives about the possible interconnections between gender dichotomy ,urban public /private space or city/suburb dichotomies and how separable or intertwined they are with each other. She attempts to further provide evidence that ‘the ideal of separate spheres’ (Bondi, Pg.162.) continues to affect our lives .She states that gentrification and class is intertwinedRead MoreEssay An Ethnic History of Europe Since 19451311 Words   |  6 PagesAn Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945 Ethnicity, the rise of nationalism, the formation of new nation-states in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and the peaceful split of Czechoslovakia have become central topics for politics and scholarship in the 1990s. Studies on ethnic conflict, nation building, and particular ethnic and minority groups in Europe abounded throughout the last decade. However, a cohesive book that provides a systematic and general picture ofRead MorePatterns of Social and Ethnic Residential Segregation Among Social Groups Ethnic Minorities1001 Words   |  5 Pagesinequality, unequal distribution of social, ethnic, etc. groups. The spatial objective reflection of the complicated system of social relation can interpret the socio-economic structure of the city, and the allocation of different social groups. Appears in space in segregation curve where higher and lower social classes are much different at social hierarchy. The segregation indicates of the social groups at the very bottom of the social hierarchy were significantly lower than those of the top social groupRead MoreCulture Has On The Process Of Learning And Teaching1382 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences of others in a shared social space (Ho, 2011). Whilst students from diverse cultural backgrounds bring rich experiences and cultural knowledge to learning as French had suggested (French, 2015), these students are likely to experience marginalisation, exclusion and a sense of not belonging. Tania Ferfolja refers to sociologist Rogers Brubaker who suggests that ethnicity and race are only existent through an individuals perception. He suggests that ethnicity and race are not things ‘in’ thisRead MoreThe Patriarchal Welfare State, By Carole Pateman945 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequence of societal, political and financial exclusion, the status of women in municipal power dynamics is restricted and minimal. This week’s authors articulated a variety of limitations that prevent women from benefiting from power dynamics in American cities. Through class, theories of citizenship and race, they explain citizenship and its privileges as benefiting male dominance. This paper argues that patriarchal hegemony, along with issues of race/ethnicity and class, make up the root cause of oppressionRead MoreRegeneration in Public Housing Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagessocial exclusion is exacerbated by where people live. Researchers have uncovered the spatial and social polarisation brought about through financial deregulation, restructuring of labour markets and the dismantling of tariff protection. The socio-economic gap is highlighted as a concern; evidently there is an increasing division between the highly paid professional workers and the growing underclass of low wage part-time and casually employed workforce ( Jamrozik, 2005). Social-spatial exclusion isRead MoreNationalism And Democracy Are Intertwined Within The State1491 Words   |  6 Pageswho will be excluded.† This describes the impact of nationalism as each culture will attempt to make their issues a priority. To Horowitz, the relationship between nationalism and democracy is that they both involve the concepts of inclusion and exc lusion. Democracy only provides a way to balance out these opposing issues so long as the conflict is confined to non-violent means. Vicki Hesli offers an explanation on how by arguing that there are two types of nationalism. She writes, â€Å"One face isRead MoreChampion equality, diversity and inclusion1712 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizations where I work promote equality, diversity and inclusion in both policy and practice. Staffs should regularly be reminded the importance of equality, diversity and inclusion in day to day practice. Staff should respect the choice, preference, ethnicity, origin, rights, and wishes of service users. Care staff should be allocated to service user to make sure that continuity of care is maintained. Staff would be selected against the service user in such a way which promotes the social and culturalRead MorePoverty : A Global Concept With Varying Degrees Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagesas she cannot afford the basic items that meet the socially accepted level of the society in which they live. Social exclusion: My understanding after reading Ministry of Social Policy, (2001) is that social exclusion is about discrimination it is closely linked to poverty, disabilities, sexual or ethnic minorities. Social exclusion affects people’s life chances. Social exclusion is a set of processes within the workforce and welfare systems where individuals, communities or whole groups are excludedRead MoreWorking Toward Whiteness : Working Towards Whiteness907 Words   |  4 Pagesthings to put in, like that others faced relative to former immigrants, or that there was already African Americans here. Roediger had the book divided into three parts, which was to build upon his argument. In the first part, is where race and ethnicity is in the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States. He attacks the American social and intellectual attributes to the new immigrants, as them being uncertain. When it comes to the in-between term, he does it according to Higham and

Essay about Ken Keseys One Flew Over The Cukoos Nest and...

Ken Keseys One Flew Over The Cukoos Nest and the Movie The film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, produced by Milos Forman, contains many similarities to the novel, however the differences are numerous to the extent that the story, written by Ken Kesey, is overlooked by anyone who only saw the film. Ken Kesey wrote the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, after experimenting with drugs and working on a psychiatric ward in 1960 and the novel was published in 1962. â€Å"Kesey became a night attendant on the Menlo Park Veterans Hospital psychiatric ward so that he could concentrate on his writing.† (Magill 1528) Kesey’s rebellious novel explores the world of mental patients struggling against authority and society through†¦show more content†¦Also, the reader knows that he is severely psychotic. Even though the Chief is a very large and powerful man, in his mind he is small and weak. He is constantly in a fog that he thinks is pumped on to the ward. With Randle P. McMurphy joining the ward, the Chief begins to grow again. The Chief and McMurphy bond, as friends, instantly. Their beds are next to each other’s and they talk about many different things every night. McMurphy learns all about the Chief’s past. However, the Chief is afraid. He is afraid that McMurphy will bring him and the other patients out of the fog. The Chief doesn’t want to come out of the fog, because he feels safe while he is in the fog. â€Å"That’s what McMurphy can’t understand, us wanting to be safe. He keeps trying to drag us out of the fog, out in the open where we’d be easy to get at.† (114) In the end, through their friendship, McMurphy brings the Chief back to reality and he makes him big again. Chief Bromden is not afraid to be out of the fog and he is grateful to McMurphy. He is so grateful; in fact, he returns the favor after McMurphy’s lobotomy and suffocates him, to set him free. In the film, however, Randle P. McMurphy is consider ed the main character. The story starts with McMurphy being admitted into the psychiatric hospital. He is a strong individual who pretends to be crazy to get out of working in a prison. The film centers on McMurphy’s character and his

Differences Between Secular Worldview And Secular Worldviews

The three ethical issues that can be seen in the workplace involving the use of statistics is: purpose of the study/research, confidentiality of the data, and integrity of data. Before explanations can be giving about how these 3 ethical issues should be handled using a Biblical worldview versus a secular worldview, one must have an understanding of what these two worldviews entails. According to Valk (2012), Worldviews are those larger pictures that inform and in turn form our perceptions of reality. They are visions of life as well as ways of life, are individual and personal, yet bind adherents together communally (p. 1). It is common for individuals to have different worldviews because as each individual goes through life, they†¦show more content†¦Overall the soap is not great for the overall health of one’s skin. The company could do a study and only focus on the data that benefits the profits of their product. From a Biblical worldview this would be considered wrong. God expects us to be truthful even if that means that outcome does not result in out best interest. The second ethical issue is confidentiality of the data. According to Carey, Willis, Krikheli, and O’Brien (2015), â€Å"More recent definitions of confidential and confidentiality refer to information that is ‘private’, ‘personal’,’ intimate’, ‘secret’, even ‘classified’ or ‘restricted’ due to a set of rules or a promise that limits discussion and public presentation of specific and identifiable matter† (p. 677). Individuals with a secular worldview, since they establish what is right and wrong, they can choose not to keep confidentiality of data. Breach of confidentially is ethnically wrong and individuals who are apart of a Biblical worldview would view it as wrong. God speak on doing and being wrong towards others. He wants us to treat others as we treat ourselves. The third ethical issue is integrity of data. According to Mongo (2016), â€Å"Some scholars equate integrity with actions that demonstrate high moral and ethical standards, and others call it a morally neutral term equating it with the law of gravity† (p. 415). Sometimes individuals can be pressed to make sure a certain point is proved during their research. IndividualsShow MoreRelatedStriving For a More Peaceful World1111 Words   |  5 Pagesreconcile conflicts between religious morality and secular morality, at least on the surface. If, as a human group, people viewed morality in this way (values, practices, institutions, psychological mechanisms used to make social life possible), I believe we might recognize the commonalities religious and secular definitions of morality have. I truly believe that if we keep the Golden Rule to treat others as you would like to be treated yourself at the forefront, our differences in what we view asRead MoreThe Differences Between Sec ular And Sacred Understandings940 Words   |  4 PagesInitially, Entwistle (2015) mentioned the differences between secular and sacred understandings. In order to explain sacred perspectives the author acknowledge the Tertullian view, which he made a correlation with the rejection of psychology as a way to â€Å"find health and healing in Christ† (p. 9). In the other hand the author cited Blamires different point of view which consisted in â€Å"secular thinking and Christian thinking† (p. 9), he argues that secular thinking is limited to earthly life and ChristianRead MorePolitical Islam And The Middle East1330 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Islam is an interesting phenomenon that impacts law, policy, and international relations with the Middle East. In order to understand what Political Islam is one must first understand, as much as possible when starting from a Western Christian worldview, what Islam is. In addition to simply describing Islam a comparison to anot her similar or related religion, such as Christianity, is helpful. Once an understanding of Islam is established one can begin to see how it touches on every facet of MuslimRead MoreMy Thoughts About Worldviews Essay2497 Words   |  10 PagesA worldview, in my opinion, is the way you look at the world and how you see God; a worldview is a set of beliefs that directs the way you act. To determine your worldview, you must ask yourself a few questions. Some of these questions include: Who is God? Where did I come from? Why do I exist? What is my purpose in life? Answers in Genesis defines a worldview as â€Å"the overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world. A worldview is a collection of beliefs about life and the universeRead MoreThe Economizing Problem - and Its Direct Effect on the Economy at Large. a Short Essay from Islamic Perspective by Mustafa Aydemir V0.41664 Words   |  7 PagesThe unlimited wants are the main reason that resources are considered ins ufficient or scarce. This is probably the strongest argument and a good justification to define an entire field of study to explain and solve the resulting economizing problem between unlimited needs versus limited resources. â€Å"Economics is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants† (INCEIF Lecture Notes1), It is divided into Macro- and Microeconomics. The former is the field ofRead MoreThe Bible Is God s Word1788 Words   |  8 Pagesand how mankind came to be. Put simply, a Biblical Worldview is accepting all of this end everything else the Bible says, and applying it to one’s life, and for a teacher, one’s classroom. A Biblical Worldview effects everything regarding education, from the way one sees his or her students to the way one plans out curriculum. Even in seemingly secular situations, Christians should always be showing the love of God. The term â€Å"Biblical Worldview† may seem scary and complex at first, but in realityRead MoreAspects of Islam that Conflict with the Common Beliefs and Ideals of the Secular Worldview826 Words   |  3 Pages Many aspects of the muslim religion conflict with the common beliefs and ideals of the secular worldview. Perhaps the most controversial difference is the muslim tradition of women covering the hair or in many cases the entire body. With the steady rise of feminism throughout much of the Western world throughout the past few decades, the gap between the muslim religion and the secular worldview has become more intense as the burqa/hijab is often seen as a sign of female oppression to many secularistsRead MoreThe Methods Of Knowing Provided By Entwistle1602 Words   |  7 Pagespassed on to the congregation. In reviewing the methods of knowing, it is safe to say that all 4 are needed to fully integrate faith and science. In the question to do with the connection between Jerusalem and Athens, Tertullian and his contemporaries tend to uphold the view that Christian thinking and secular thinking are irreconcilable (Entwistle, 2015). Such people offer the reasoning that for one to be able to uphold Christian faith then he or she must denounce the secularity in his or her lifeRead MoreIs God Real Or Not?1908 Words   |  8 Pagesgrow up in this type of lifestyle I have encountered a multitude of different belief systems that were either Secular or Christian-like. But with this debate of if God is real or not I have come across the issue of how to walk out my life with the time that I have. This paper will go through the debate of the topic of morality in secular mindsets, and Christian mindsets. Christian and secular thinkers have different points of view when it comes down to belief in God, however all of mankind has moralityRead MoreChristian Perspective : Christian Worldview And Maturity1273 Words   |  6 Pageshave tasted that the Lord is good. However, what is â€Å"Christian worldview and maturity† like? I believe its a complete understanding of the world from a Christian standpoint. An individual’s worldview is his â€Å"big picture,† its an accord of all my beliefs about the world. It is my way of understanding reality. A Christians worldview is the basis for making daily decisions and is therefore very important. However biblical worldview is based on the infallible Word of God. When you believe the Bible

Assignment Exploring the Issues Related to the Management free essay sample

Assignment exploring the issues related to the management of change within clinical practice In this essay I aim firstly to attempt to identify a change in practise I would wish to make and secondly, link this to the theory of change management and leadership management. The vision I would like to implement would be for the Worcester Royal Hospital psychiatric wards to have access to on site gym facilities, and for the psychiatrists to prescribe exercise to all inpatients. Currently exercise is not used widely as an intervention in psychiatric nursing. The Labour government acknowledged that the physical health needs of people with mental health problems had been neglected and that this group need support to access appropriate healthcare and health promotion services (Department of Health, 2009). Over the last ten years there has been progress made regarding the use of exercise in mental health services. In 2004 a research team asked GPs if they would consider prescribing exercise instead of antidepressants for low mood. Only 5% said they would. In a recent follow-up survey in June 2011, the proportion of those willing to prescribe it had risen to 22 %, reflecting a clear shift in attitudes and beliefs (Baker 2001) . However, I personally do not feel this is a large enough rise. From my experience in working in psychiatric wards at this hospital I have observed that exercise is much underused. For example there are no gym facilities and no exercise groups at all. I propose that all psychiatric inpatients should have access to and encouragement to attend physical exercise facilities. This is despite a large body of evidenced based research that has proven exercise can be an intervention to prevent and alleviate mental illnesses. For example, one study of the effects of physical exercise on depression concluded that after sixteen weeks exercise was just as effective as SSRI’s but without any of the side effects. Physical exercise also had the benefit of improving physical health and improving self-esteem through socialising (Craft et al 1997). In order to do this I will need to use change management theory and leadership theory. Change management  is a structured approach to shifting or transitioning  individuals,  teams, and  organizations  from a current state to a desired future state. It is an organizational process aimed at helping employees to accept and embrace changes in their current business environment In order to implement my change there would be a number of things I would need to consider. Firstly, I would need to consider how my change will be implemented. Ackerman (1997) has distinguished between three types of change: developmental, transitional and transformational. I would need to decide which strategy of change would best suit my vision. I feel it would be best to attempt to carry out a planned transitional change. This is an implementation of a known new state; involving the management of the interim transition state over a controlled period of time. My interim transition stage would be the process of building gym and exercise facilities while training staff capable to work in both psychiatric and exercise fields. This stage would also involve negotiating and finding a way around the administrative, health and safety and policy barriers which I estimate would be the biggest difficulty. My known new state would be encouraging psychiatrists to prescribe exercise and encouraging the service users to make use of the exercise facilities during their time as inpatients. I would define my change as episodic rather than continuous. Episodic can be defined as ‘infrequent, discontinuous and intentional’ (Weick and Quinn 1999). Sometimes termed ‘radical’ or ‘second order’ change, episodic change often involves replacement of one strategy or programme with another. However, once my intervention of exercise has been established I plan to make continuous change to it so as to make incremental improvements to ensure it is as an effective intervention as possible. Another, reason why I plan to use Ackmann’s transitional strategy as a basis for my change is because it has its foundations in the work of Lewin who conceptualised change as a three-stage process which I will explore later (Lewin 1951). When planning a change in the NHS such as this it is necessary to look at change theory models. These will be very relevant when implementing my change. The majority of contemporary research originates from the work of social psychologist Kurt Lewin in the mid-twentieth century. Lewin identifies three stages through which change must proceed before any planned change will become embedded in an organisation or system of working. These are unfreezing, movement and refreezing. I will base my change upon this model. Unfreezing is when I as a change agent proposes a plan for change to the team or organisation. During this stage I will attempt to win over team members who are not keen on my change, I will aim to resolve any anxieties or concerns regarding the change. Cummings and McLennan (2005) claim that an essential leadership role is to understand the different perspectives of individuals and stakeholders and to ‘align the changes to be meaningful for them’. During this stage I will attempt to access the relative merits of the forces for against change such as extent of the proposed change, nature and depth of motivation of stakeholders, and the environment in which change will occur. It is necessary for the driving forces for change to exceed the opposing forces for change, this is essential for change to be successful. As part of this stage it is considered necessary to conduct a force field analysis which I include in my appendices. In summary, I had several large forces for change. One being that exercise in alleviating the symptoms of mental health is supported by a large amount of evidence based research. Another large force for change is that people in mental health services suffer far worse physical health problems than members of the general population. I believe that my planned change or intervention will improve the physical health of this group. In my opinion the biggest force for change is that in times where health care cost demands are outpacing any rise in healthcare budgets, exercise is an intervention that can reduce the demands on the budget. After researching the topic I have concluded that the biggest force against this change would be the set up costs in terms of building facilities and training staff. Provision of physical activity also requires trained and qualified personnel; there is no data on availability, skills and training of staff with competence as exercise specialists and the expertise to treat people with a multitude of mental and physical problems as well as the skills to work in psychiatric settings. (Jones et al 2004). Another force against change would be navigating around administrative and policy rules. In the present culture of our society, procedures including health and safety, liability, manual handling and risk assessments may not allow ‘hospitals’ and ‘on site exercise facilities’ to be compatible. However, despite these concerns I believe I would be able to build up a good degree of teamwork within my team as I believe those I would be leading would be enthusiastic and motivated to make this change a reality. I will also conduct a SWOT analysis as part of this stage. This involves thinking about an organisation’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and using the result to identify priorities for action (Ansoff, 1965). SWOT analysis is a ubiquitous feature of business strategy texts and courses. In a survey of 113 UK companies, Glaister and Falshaw (1999) found that SWOT was one of the most widely used strategic planning tools in current use across a range of sectors. The basic theory of using a SWOT analysis is because it helps an organisation to think about the reasons why they may need a change. I have included a SWOT analysis in my appendices. As part of this initial ‘unfreezing’ stage I will need to be able to gain support of the workforce to make my change successfully, I will need to gain and maintain this support through a mixture of good communication, good interpersonal skills and developing a sense of achievement. Scholtes, (1998) in his trust, respect and affection model identifies trust as arising out of the feeling that leaders or managers both care for their staff and are capable of doing the job. At this unfreezing stage it will my job as leader to help those team members who are not keen on the change to resolve their anxieties or concerns so that they become committed team members. Senge in ‘The Fifth Discipline’ (1990) talks of the difference between commitment, enrolment and compliance, suggesting that while it is more pleasant (and reassuring) to have considerable commitment, it is not necessary for everyone to be as fully signed-up as this. There exist a number of positions along a continuum, along which players may position themselves in response to proposed action and change. These are, in reducing order; commitment, enrolment, genuine compliance, formal compliance, grudging compliance, non-compliance and apathy. Senge suggests analysing what level of support is required from each of the players and directing energy to achieve that, rather than at trying to persuade everybody to ‘commit’ The second stage is movement; this is movement towards accepting the change. At this point I will need to formulate a plan of action and implementation. I would use a Gantt chart to effectively communicate my change management plan. A  Gantt chart  is a type of  bar chart  that illustrates a  project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a  project (Gantt 1910). Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the  work breakdown structure  of the project. I would also set up a small project or reference group to help manage the project with me. I will aim to include everybody whom would be affected by the change in the planning. I will set goals and objectives and set target dates and timelines. I will also be available to support others and offer encouragement throughout the change process. I believe that the multidisciplinary team work and layers of management, already established in the NHS will be an important lever to help implement and embed the change. Throughout this process, I will be constantly evaluating the changes and making modifications if necessary. The third and final stage is refreezing. This stage involves supporting others so that the change is sustainable and remains in place to achieve improved outcomes. My role as leader will be to help the continued integration of the change into practice to ensure refreezing-that is, the change becoming part of normal practice; if this does not occur the previous behaviours will occur. There are a wide range of different theories of motivation in business management. These are of importance because the style of management theory adopted could potentially make the process of change a smoother transition. The core models are McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y model, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model, Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene theory, Taylor’s scientific model and Mayo’s Human Relation model (Maslow 1970): (Herzberg 1966); (Taylor 1911); (Mayo 1933). Attempting change management under one of the more autocratic management models such as Taylor’s or McGregor’s Theory X model would have very different consequences when compared to Mayo’s or McGregor’s Theory Y model. Under Taylor’s model the workforce may resist change. This is because in such a work environment theory managers will make all of the decisions and simply give orders to the employees below them. In this working environment change would not be a smooth transition as there would be a barrier between management and workers, change occurs smoothly when the workforce work together to lead change. These models would not create motivation amongst the workforce. Alternatively, change may be more successful in an organisation culture based upon Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Maslow 1970). Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy, and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfill each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy. Therefore to implement my change and to e successful at doing so this model suggests I should delegate responsibility to employees to ensure they achieve self actualisation in the workplace. This could potentially ensure a smooth transition of change. However, there are problems with looking at management models when implementing changes. Every workplace, particularly the NHS is very complex and has a range of different management styles within each workforce. To state that management should use Maslow’s hierarchy of change to ensure a smooth transition of change is too simplistic. Although in theory it appears to be a solution, in reality there are lots of faults of this model in the workplace place. The theory makes crude assumptions that simply don’t apply to everyone. Most importantly Maslow states people attend to basic needs first and progressively deal with more complex matters until they reach  a point he calls self-actualisation at the top of the  hierarchy’s  pyramid. However in reality not everybody gets that far. This criticism is especially relevant in the practice I wish to change. In the NHS it is widespread knowledge that there are a large number of managerial positions, but to implement my change once exercise facilities are available I would need the support of the nurses and support staff to actualise my change. My point being that not everybody involved in my change would be able to reach self actualisation in their particular job or role. Another criticism of Maslow’s theory which equally applies to all of the theories is that Maslow’s idea belongs to a time and place. Maslow was American and he first suggested the  hierarchy  in the 1940s. It’s highly specific to America’s individualist culture where middle-class people worry about their personal needs rather than any collective needs. This may not be so relevant in a less right ring country with public health care and with a workforce with such diverse ethnicities and cultural heritage as is in the United Kingdom. However, despite the criticisms that are directed at theories of motivation it will be important for me as a leader to have the knowledge regarding how to motivate my workforce. When thinking about how I as a manager would go about implementing this change I feel it is important to consider what type of leader I would be. Leadership will be very important if I am to be able to work with conflicting views to build up trust in the change proposal’s worth and the value of putting effort into my proposed change. House (2004) describes leadership as the ability to motivate and enable other people to achieve the goals of the organisation they work for. There are many different theories of leadership styles, the two main ones being transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is leadership at its most basic. The followers do what the leader asks of them in return for a reward. The role of the leader in this model is to state what needs to be done and who will do it and then allow them to get the job done, hence it focuses on getting a task done rather than on the person undertaking a task. In nursing this approach was traditionally used in previous years when task allocation was the role of the ward manager when patient care was perhaps less holistic than it is today. When implementing my change I aim to be a transformational leader. This will involve being able to share and communicate my vision of change effectively to others. Transformational leadership theory suggests there needs to be a relationship of trust between the leader and the follower. Bass (1985) suggested four essential components of effective transformational leadership. First, leaders must provide intellectual stimulation, challenging the way things are and encouraging creativity among the team. Second, they must demonstrate individualised consideration and by using good communication skills make followers feel able to share ideas and gain direct recognition for their unique contributions. Third, they need to demonstrate inspirational motivation which enables followers to experience the same passion and motivation as the leader to meet the team goals. Fourth, they need to have idealised influence; that is, they must act as a role model who followers wish to emulate whole taking on the values of the leader. As a leader I will also need to possess emotional intelligence. This refers to the ability of the leader or manager to understand the role that their emotions play in their decision making and the ability to recognise the emotions of the individuals within the team and how this affects the work they do (Goleman, 1996). Goleman’s emotional intelligence framework comprises five elements: self-awareness, motivation, self-regulation, empathy and social skills. Possessing emotional intelligence will be important if I am to be able to work with conflicting views to build up trust in my change proposal’s worth and the value of putting effort into my proposed change. As a leader I will also need to be assertive. This is as opposed to being submissive or aggressive. Assertiveness can be defined as ‘expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence so that people take notice’. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary). Ruiz, M. (2004) The Voice of Knowledge argued that there were four factors involved in being assertive. These were to be impeccable with your word, not to take anything personally, not to make assumptions and for a person always to do their best. In conclusion in order to make my change successful there are many things I will need to do. Firstly, I will need to use theories of motivation to ensure I am able to motivate my workforce so that teamwork will be successful. I will then need to use Levin’s change theory model to ensure that I can gain support from my colleagues and to accurately plan my change. During my freezing, movement and refreezing stages there are lots of qualities I will need to display as a leader. I have identified I would consider it must appropriate to be a transformational leader as identified by Bass (1985). As a leader it would also be vital for me to display emotional intelligence and to be assertive. What I have learned from this module is that the business management theory behind making and implementing a change can be as important as the actual subject of change itself.